History The World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

History The World - Essay Example The establishment of schools and colleges  also played a role in the education of both the Han people and the Islam. The Arab world where Islam started was the originators of the numerical system that is in use in the contemporary world. The art and architecture practiced in these two regions were a way of expressing their religious feeling to a higher authority. Evidently, the Han people just like the Islam used architectural knowledge that was being taught in learning centers to teach people how they were going to express their religious believes to a given authority. Further, the use of art and literature was also area of emphasis in the two religious groups as they used different artistic expressions and literature to teach each other about their faith and practices. The Islamic world has used different forms of art and literature to conserve and teach people about the religious practices that believed to hold the people together. The ground of controversy which can be identified among the Han dynasty is the large number of spirits that they offered sacrifices to. Whereas the Islamic religion offered sacrifices also, it did not have as much spirits as the Han dynasty. Further, the belief in deity among the Han people was lowered to the emperor who was in some cases revered and worshipped just if he were a

DFS Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

DFS Group - Essay Example DFS Group DFS is one of largest luxury travel retailer operators on a global level that offers products across different segments of luxury products such as fashion, accessories, beauty products and perfumes, jewelry and watches as well as alcoholic beverages and tobacco. The assortment of their products covers over 700 of the world’s top brands that the traveling segment of customers prefers most. The company operates through their stores in airports as well as Luxury T Galleria in downtown area Department Stores. In total, they operate over 420 locations worldwide in ideal tourist locations. Founded in 1962 by Robert Miller and Charles Feeney, with the first duty free store at Kai Tak International Airport in Hong Kong, the company has cherished a vision of offering travelers quality merchandise, a local experience and exceptional services. This novel idea of all in one place helped attract many customers in the ever evolving travel industry. Chan (2013) notes that DFS Group, an opera tor of duty-free shops controlled by LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton SA (MC), currently has plans to open their first stores in Europe to cater to Chinese consumers who travel there frequently. DFS brings together topnotch brands and customer tailored services in a sophisticated and pleasant shopping setting for travelers across the world. Similarly, the outlets of DFS serve as luxury shopping destinations in downtown locations. On the other hand, the airport stores of DFS provide ultimate convenience for customers traveling to different nations on a daily basis.

Public and private sector banks in india

Public and private sector banks in india Financial Institutions Services A comparative Study on Public and Private Sector Banks in India Public Sector A public sector enterprise is an organisation which is Owned by public authorities including Central, State or Local authorities, to the extent of 50% or more; Is under the top managerial control of owning public authorities Is established for the achievement of a definite set of public purpose Is consequently placed under a system of public accountability Is engaged in an activity of business character Private Sector The private sector enterprise is an organisation which is owned, managed controlled by private individuals or a group of individuals or both. This is also engaged in business activity but with the motive of profit maximisation rather than public service like in case of public sector enterprise. Objectives of Public Sector Enterprise Helps in rapid economic growth industrialisation of the country creation of necessary infrastructure for economic development, To earn return on investment thus generate resources for development, To promote redistribution of income and wealth, To create employment opportunities, To promote balanced regional development, To promote import substitution, save and earn foreign exchange for the economy Acts as a countervailing force and put up an effective competition to undertakings in private sector and To gain control over the commanding heights of the economy. The following are the list of Public Sector Banks in India Allahabad Bank Andhra Bank Bank of Baroda Bank of India Bank of Maharastra Canara Bank Central Bank of India Corporation Bank Dena Bank IDBI Bank Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank Oriental Bank of Commerce Punjab Sind Bank Punjab National Bank Syndicate Bank UCO Bank Union Bank of India United Bank of India Vijaya Bank List of State Bank of India and its subsidiary, a Public Sector Banks State Bank of India State Bank of Hyderabad. State Bank of Indore. State Bank of Mysore. State Bank of Saurastra. State Bank of Travancore. State Bank of Bikaner Jaipur. Private Bank The first Private Bank in India to receive an in principle approval from the Reserve Bank of India was Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited, to set up a bank in the private sector banks in India as part of the RBIs liberalization of the Indian Banking Industry. It was incorporated in August 1994 as HDFC Bank Limited with registered office in Mumbai and commenced operations as Scheduled Commercial Bank in January 1995. ING Vysya, yet another Private Bank of India was incorporated in the year 1930. Bangalore has a pride of place for having the first branch inception in the year 1934. With successive years of patronage and constantly setting new standards in banking, ING Vysya Bank has many credits to its account. List of Private Banks in India BANK OF PUNJAB. BANK OF RAJASTHAN. CATHOLIC SYRIAN BANK. CENTURION BANK. CITY UNION BANK. DHANALAKSHMI BANK. DEVELOPMENT CREDIT BANK. FEDERAL BANK. HDFC BANK. CICI BANK. NDUSIND BANK. NG VYSYA BANK. AMMU KASHMIR BANK. KARNATAKA BANK. KARUR VYSYA BANK. LAXMI VILAS BANK. SOUTH INDIAN BANK. UNITED WESTERN BANK. UTI BANK . PUBLIC BANK Allahabad Bank Established on April 24, 1865 in Allahabad by a group of European, Allahabad Bank is also the oldest Joint Stock Bank of India .Allahabad Bank is one of the leading banks in India. Allahabad Bank was one of those. Currently it offers a whole range of financial services to thousands of customers across the nation through its 2260 branches, besides its Internet banking services. In the year 1969, the Government of India nationalized 13 commercial banks Allahabad Bank has its headquarter located in Kolkata. Brief History After its establishment in 1865, Allahabad Bank became a part of P O Banking Corporation in 1920 with a bid price of Rs. 436 per share. In 1923, considering the business opportunities, the headquarter of the bank was shifted to Kolkata. On July 19, 1969, when the Government of India nationalized Allahabad Bank along with 13 other banks, it had 151 branches across the nation with deposits of Rs. 119 crore and advances of Rs. 82 crore. In 1989, United Industrial Bank Ltd. merged with nationalized Indian bank. Allahabad Bank also instituted a wholly owned subsidiary for Merchant Banking, called Allahabad Bank Finance Ltd. Allahabad Bank released its first Initial Public Offer (IPO) of 10 crore (face value Rs. 10 per share) in October, 2002. It reduced the Government shareholding to 71.16%. It again released Follow on Public Offer in April, 2005 of 10 crore equity shares . It again reduced the Government shareholding to 55.23%. It was June, 2006 when the Allahabad Bank went international to open up its first Representative Office at Shenzen in China. In October, 2006, Allahabad Bank went high-tech for roll out its first branch under Core Banking Service. It opened up its first overseas branch at Hong Kong in February 2007. In March 2007, the business of Allahabad Bank crossed Rs. 1,00,000 crore mark. Products Following are the list of products offered by Allahabad Bank to its customers: Deposit Products Flexi-Fix Deposit. Rs. 5 Banking. All Bank Mahila Sanchay Account. All Bank Vikash SB Account. All Bank Premium Current Accounts. Current Plus Deposit Scheme. Sishu Mangal Deposit Scheme. Retail Credit Products Housing Loan. Education Loan. Car Loan. Personal Loan for Pensioners. Personal Loan for Doctors. Loan Against NSC/KVP. Allahabad Bank Rent Loan. Allahabad Bank Property Scheme. Allahabad Bank Furnishing Loan. Gold Loan Scheme. Allahabad Bank Mobile Scheme. Overdraft Facility in SB Accounts. Allahabad Bank Abhushan Scheme. Allahabad Bank Trade Schem. Allahabad Bank Gyan Dipika Scheme. Allahabad Bank Reverse Mortgage Scheme. Other Credit Products Allahabad Bank-Expo. Allahabad Bank Kisan Shakti Yojana. Allahabad Bank Kisan Credit Card. Other Services The Following are the list of other services offered by Allahabad Bank. Depository Services. Depository Services. Visa Debit Cum ATM Card. Gold Card Scheme for Exporters. Charter for MSMEs. Government Business. National Electronic Funds Transfer. Regional MSME Care Centres. MSME Care Centre in Jharkhand State for All Banks. All Ayshman Bima Yojana. Cash Management Services. Real Time Gross Settlement. Corporate Details: Bank of Baroda India from an organization based on private capital and state ownership, at present is embodiment of enterprise and corporate governance, situated in Mumbai. The new logo of the bank comprises dual B alphabet, holding the sun rays. It was founded by Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad in 1908 in Baroda. It is referred as the Baroda Sun. Activities: The general product and services offered by the Bank of Baroda India are, Corporate wholesale banking, deposits, loans and advances, appraisal and merchant banking, cash management and remittances. Personal deposits, Gen-Next Services, retail loans, credit cards, debit cards, Baroda Health, Multi City Cheque , lockers. Business deposits, loans and advances, Multi City Cheque, BoB money express, Collection services, ECS, lockers. International NRI services, FCNR loans, offshore banking, export and import finance, international treasury. Treasury domestic and forex operations. Rural deposits, priority sector advances, remittances, pension, lockers. Performance: The Baroda bank secured the ISO 9001:2000 certification for its15 branches, and by the end of 2007 it has a target to achieve this quality mark for 54 more branches. Financial Highlights the business results of the Bank of Baroda India as recorded on 31st March, 2006 are, the total deposits Rs.93,661.99crores, total advances Rs. 59911.78 crores, total investments Rs.35114.22 crores, total assets Rs.113392.53 crores and net profit Rs.826.96 crores. Andhra Bank Andhra Bank was registered on 20 November 1923 and commenced business on 28 November 1923 with a paid up capital of Rs 1.00 lakh and an authorised capital of Rs 10.00 lakhs. The Bank crossed many milestones and the Banks Total Business as on 30.06.2008 stood at Rs.83,256 Crores with a Clientele base over 1.74 Crores.The Bank is rendering services through 2139 Business Delivery Channels consisting of 1371 branches, 66 Extension Counters, 38 Satellite Offices and 664 ATMs spread over 21 States and 2 Union Territories as at the end of June, 2008. To provide value-added services to Customers, the Bank has set up its own 664 ATMs as on 30.06.2008. Of which 03 Mobile ATMs and two with Biometric access. Besides, ATM sharing arrangements with several Banks including SBI group, IDBI Bank, UTI Bank, HDFC Bank, Indian Bank and others under National Financial Network Switch covering 24856 ATMs.All Branches are 100% computerized, 1186 units viz., 1101 Branches, 68 Extension Counters, 15 Service C entres networked under Cluster Banking solution and providing Any Branch Banking. Real Time Gross Settlement Facility and National Electronic Fund Transfer facility has been introduced in 723 Branches. Bank is migrating to Centralized Core Banking Solution 118 Branches have already migrated to CBS. It is proposed to cover 550 branches by September 2009. This will benefit the customers, who will have access to banking and financial services anytime, anywhere through multiple delivery channels.[clarification needed] Andhra Bank is a pioneer in introducing Credit Cards in the country in 1981 . Our Bank introduced Internet Banking Facility to all customers of cluster linked branches.[clarification needed] Rail Ticket Booking Facility is made available to all debit card holders through IRCTC Website through a separate gateway. Corporate Website is available in English, Hindi and Telugu Languages communicating Banks image and information. Bank has been given BEST BANK AWARD a banking technology award by IDRBT, Hyderabad for extensive use of IT in Semi Urban and Rural Areas on 02.09.2006.[citation needed] IBA Jointly with TFCI has conferred the Joint Runner-up Award to the Bank in the Bet Payments initiative in recognition of outstanding achievement of the Bank in promoting ATM Channel.Bank successfully conducted Bancon 2006, a two day event at Hyderabad, deliberating on Inclusive Growth A New Challenge. Kiddy Bank Scheme, with insurance benefits, was relaunched to inculcate savings habit among the children. Bank has mobilized nearly 90000 new accounts during 2007-08.[citati on needed] As a part of Financial Inclusion, Bank adopted two districts, namely, Srikakulam in Andhra Pradesh and Ganjam in Orissa and achieved 100% coverage. Bank has introduced Smart Card Scheme Pilot project in Warangal District and the same will be extended to other Lead Districts in due course. Bank has opened 2.11 lakh accounts under No-frill accounts category till 30.06.2008. Andhra Bank, along with A P State Government, NABARD, Canara Bank, Indian Bank, IOB and SBH sponsored the Andhra Pradesh Bankers Institute of Entrepreneurship Development, which will offer training to unemployed youth for improving their skills in Andhra Pradesh. Bank adopted Gundugolanu village, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh birth place of Dr.Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya for all-round development. A comprehensive budget with an outlay of Rs.5.50 Crore is finalized for improving health, sanitation, education and social service facilities in the village. Bank has been ranked No.1 in terms of number of Life Insurance Policies mobilized amongst all the Agency Banks dealing with Life Insurance Corporation of India. Bank also has tie-up with United India Insurance Company Limited under Bancassurance. Bank was ranked 532nd for the year ended 31.03.2007 amongst Top 1000 Banks in the world by The Banker a London based publication based on Tier I Capital as defined by Basels Bank for International Settlements . Bank is in the process of forming a Joint Venture in Malaysia in association with Bank of Baroda and Indian Overseas Bank. The Bank opened its Representative Office in Dubai in May, 2006 and Representative Office at Jersey City, New Jersey (U S A),in June 2009. Bank feels United States would be an ideal location as Andhra Bank has been a household name among many NRIs there. A foothold in New Jersey is strategic for the 84 year old bank as it has a large number of non resident Indians from Andhra Pradesh. Thus Bank accords utmost concern to customer satisfaction by offering innovative and need based financial products and services using state-of-the art technology. Deposit Schemes Savings Accounts Current Accounts Term Deposits Arogyadaan Scheme Bancassurance Life Bancassurance (Non Life) Bank of India Bank of India was established on 7th September, 1906 by a group of reputed businessmen from Mumbai. The Bank was under private ownership and control till July 1969 when it was nationalized along with 13 other banks. It is starting with just one office in Mumbai, with a paid-up capital of Rs.50 lakh and 50 employees; the Bank has made fast progress over the years and blossomed into a mighty institution with a strong national presence and sizable international operations. The Bank gets a premier position among the Nationalized Banks in India. Main Activities Amongst the standard services provided by Bank of India the special service that it provides is Multi Branch Banking. Multi Branch Banking service is available to customers of networked branches of the Bank. Under this service, the customer of one branch will be able to transact on his account, from any other networked branch of the Bank. This facility is at present available at 200 cities/towns across the country. A list of MBB branches is available at the end of this page. Services available in MBB Cash Deposits Cash Payments Transfer Of Funds Statement of A./c For a Given Period. Balance Inquiry. Marking Stop Payment Of a Cheque. Fate Of a Cheque. Other Value Added Services such as â€Å"Centralized Telebanking†, â€Å"SMS Banking†, â€Å"PC Banking† would also be available at these networked branches. Performance Since mid-2005, these employees have been seeking low cost deposits. It was chiefly due to this that the bank was able to outperform the industry with a 78 per cent growth in net profit for the third quarter of the current year,2006. After Bank of India introduced Core Banking Software, many employees became redundant. The bank redeployed about 1,200 of them into marketing. This kept the cost of funds under control. Further, the bank had been very selective about credit expansion in 2005-06, when advances grew 23 per cent, lower than the industry average. At a press conference, BOIs Chairman and Managing Director, Mr M Balachandran, said that current account deposits grew 32 per cent during the quarter. Punjab National Bank of India Punjab National Bank of India, the first Indian bank started only with Indian capital, was nationalized in July 1969 and now the bank has become a front-line banking institution in India with 4525 Offices including 432 Extension Counters. The corporate office of the bank is at new Delhi. Punjab National Bank of India has set up representative offices at Alm Kazakhistan Shanghai and in London and a full fledged Branch in Afghanistan Activities: Current Account PNB Smart Roamer, PNB Vaibhav, PNB Gaurav Fixed Deposit Schemes Mahabachat Schemes, Spectrum Fixed Deposit Scheme, Anupam Account, Multi Benefit Deposit Scheme. Credit Schemes PNB Flexible Housing Loan, Car Finanace, Personal Loan. Social Banking Krishi Card, PNB Farmers Welfare Trust, Mahila Udyam Nidhi Scheme Corporate Banking EXIM finance, Gold Card scheme for exporters. Business Sector PNB Vikas Udhami, PNB Karigar credit card, PNB Kushal Udhami, PNB Pragati Udhami. Savings Fund Account PNB Prudent Sweep, Total Freedom Salary Account, PNB Vidyarthi SF Account, PNB Mitra SF Account. Performance: The total expense was Rs. 2830.44 crore and the net profit was Rs.237.70 crore.The total income of the Punjab National Bank of India as recorded in the quarter ending 31st march 2007 was Rs. 3712.79 crore as compared to Rs. 2926.93 crore on 31st march 2006. The Punjab National Bank of India has launched the concept of Any Time, Any Where Banking through the introduction of Centralized Banking Solution and has recently introduced On line Payment Facility for railway reservation through IRCTC Payment Gateway Project and On line Utility Bill Payment Services, allowing Internet Banking account holders to make their payments anytime from anywhere. Another step taken by Punjab National Bank of India is the launch of its ATM- cum- Debit card. Private Banks in India Initially all the banks in India were private banks, which were founded in the pre-independence era to cater to the banking needs of the people. In 1955, after the declaration of first-five year plan, Imperial Bank of India was subsequently transformed into State Bank of India. In 1921, three major banks i.e. Banks of Bengal, Bank of Bombay, and Bank of Madras, merged to form Imperial Bank of India. In 1935, the Reserve Bank of India was established and it took over the central banking responsibilities from the Imperial Bank of India, transferring commercial banking functions completely to IBI. Allahabad Bank, Canara Bank, Central Bank of India, etc. Thus, public sector banks revived to take up leading role in the banking structure. In 1980, the GOI nationalized 6 more commercial banks, with control over 91% of banking business of India. Following this, occurred the nationalization of major banks in India on 19 July 1969. The Government of India issued an ordinance and nationalized the 14 largest commercial banks of India, including Punjab National Bank . In 1994, the Reserve Bank Of India issued a policy of liberalization to license limited number of private banks, which came to be known as New Generation tech-savvy banks. Global Trust Bank was, thus, the first private bank after liberalization; it was later amalgamated with Oriental Bank of Commerce . Then Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited became the first to receive an in principle approval from the Reserve Bank of India to set up a bank in the private sector. At present, Private Banks in India include leading banks like ICICI Banks, ING Vysya Bank, Jammu Kashmir Bank, Karnataka Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, SBI Commercial and International Bank, etc. Undoubtedly, being tech-savvy and full of expertise, private banks have played a major role in the de velopment of Indian banking industry. They have made banking more efficient and customer friendly. In the process they have jolted public sector banks out of complacency and forced them to become more competitive. Major private banks in India are: Bank of Rajasthan A leading private sector bank, the Bank of Rajasthan was founded on the auspicious day of Akshya Tritiya on May 8, 1943, at Udaipur. Shri Rai Bahadur P.C. Chatterji, the then finance minister of the erstwhile Mewar Government, extensively contributed towards the establishment of the Bank. Catholic Syrian Bank With the Swadeshi Movement of early 20th century as its base, Catholic Syrian Bank was incorporated on 26th November 1920, in the Thrissur district of Kerala. The bank commenced its operations on 1st January 1921, with an authorized capital of Rs. 5 lakhs and a paid up capital of Rs. 45270. Dhanalakshmi Bank Limited The foundation of Dhanalakshmi Bank Limited was laid down on 14th November 1927in Kerala. A group of innovative entrepreneurs had started the bank with a capital of Rs.11,000 and only 7 employees. Federal Bank Federal Bank Limited was founded as Travancore Federal Bank Limited in the year 1931, with an authorized capital of Rs. 5000. It was established at Nedumpuram, a place near Tiruvalla, in Central Travancore (a princely state later merged into Kerala), under Travancore Companys Act 1956. HDFC bank Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited, more popularly known as HDFC Bank Ltd, was established in the year 1994, as a part of the liberalization of the Indian Banking Industry by Reserve Bank of India . It was one of the first banks to receive an in principle approval from RBI, for setting up a bank in the private sector. ICICI Bank ICICI Bank started as a wholly owned subsidiary of ICICI Limited, an Indian financial institution, in 1994. Four years later, when the company offered ICICI Banks shares to the public, ICICIs shareholding was reduced to 46%. In the year 2000, ICICI Bank offered made an equity offering in the form of ADRs on the New York Stock Exchange . ING Vysya Bank ING Vysya Bank Ltd came into being in October 2002, when erstwhile Vysya Bank Ltd was merged with ING, a global financial powerhouse boasting of Dutch origin. Vysya Bank Ltd, one of initial banks to be set up in the private sector of India Jammu and Kashmir Bank The origin of Jammu and Kashmir Bank Limited, more commonly referred to as JK Bank, can be traced back to the year 1938, when it was established as the first state-owned bank in India. The bank was incorporated on 1st October 1938 and it was in more precisely on 4th July 1939. It commenced its business, in Kashmir (India). Karnataka Bank Karnataka Bank Limited is a leading private sector bank in India. It was incorporated on 18th February 1924 at Mangalore, a town located in the Kannada district of Karnataka. The bank emerged as a major player during the freedom movement of 20th Century India. Karur Vysya Bank The Karur Vysya Bank Limited commonly known as KVB was set up by Late Shri M.A. Venkatarama Chettiar and the Late Shri Athi Krishna Chettiar, the two great visionaries in 1916 in Karur, a textile town in the Tamil Nadu state of India. Kotak Mahindra Bank Kotak Mahindra Bank is one of Indias leading financial private banking institutions. It offers banking solutions that covers almost every sphere of life. Some of its financial services include commercial banking, stock broking, mutual funds, life insurance and investment banking. SBI Commercial and International Bank SBI Commercial and International Bank, SBI Commercial is a completely owned private auxiliary of Indias biggest banking and financial services set up, the State Bank of India. Established in 1995 to back SBIs corporate and international banking services, the SBI Commercial and International Bank is the only bank in India to be been awarded ISO-9002 quality systems certification for the Bank as a whole UTI Bank Axis Bank was formed as UTI when it was incorporated in 1994 when Government of India allowed private players in the banking sector. The bank was sponsored together by the administrator of the specified undertaking of the Unit Trust of India, Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and General Insurance Corporation ltd. Yes Bank Yes Bank is one of the top most private Indian banks. Awarded by the only Greenfield license award by RBI in last 14 years, this bank is established and run by Rana Kapoor and Ashok Kapur with the financial support of Rabobank Nederland, the worlds single AAA rated private Bank. Citibank India Citibank India, since 1902, is at present one of the leading consumer finance lender providing its customers best products and services. Activities: The Citibank India offers a varied range of financial assistance to its customers like: Banking Suvidha Account, Debit Cards, Citibanking, Citi Gold Wealth Management Citi Business Current Account, Loans, CitiBusiness Card NRI Services Rupee Checking Account, India Deposits Online Services Internet Banking, Bill Payment, Statement on E-mail, E-Commerce, Citi Alert Credit Cards Citibank Gold Card, Jet Airways Citibank Gold Card, Hutch Citibank Card, Indian Oil Citibank Card, Shoppers Stop Citibank Card, MTV Citibank Card, Citibank Silver International Card, CRY Card, WWF Card, Times Card, Citibank Cricket Visa Card Deposit Accounts Savings Accounts, Current Accounts, and Term deposits. Loans Personal Loans, Home Loans, Loan against property, Auto Loan, Ready Credit Investments Mutual Funds, Demat. Insurance Life Insurance Solutions, Credit Insurance, Health Insurance, Travel Insurance. Performance: There is a relationship manager who guides the clients on the investment issues along with foreign exchange, transaction requests and trade services. Citibank India by launching the CitiBusiness Card have for the first time offered the customers a vast range of benefits, services, business intelligence, deals and discounts that are generally at the disposal of large corporations so far. Moreover without paying any extra charges the customers are assured of world-class transactional convenience like pay orders, demand drafts and payable-at-par cheques .There is a relationship manager who guides the clients on the investment issues along with foreign exchange, transaction requests and trade services WAYS OF PRIVATIZATION DISINVESTMENT CONTRACTING FRANCHISING PREMITING PRIVATE SECTOR ENTER INTO PSU RESERVED AREA LIQUIDATION LEASING NEWS RELATED BANK Banking Sector in Budget 2008 The Union Budget of India for the year 2008-2009 was announced by the Indian Finance Minister, Mr. P Chidambaram, on 29th February 2008. The policies and initiatives taken in the Union Budget of India 2008-2009 on the Indian Banking sector were in tandem with the requirements of the Indian economy. Small and marginal farmers have been relieved of all farm loans, disbursed till March 2007 and also all loans, which are due till December 2007 and was unpaid till February 2008. These farm loan waivers would be facilitated by all the concerned Public Sector Banks and Regional Rural Banks of India. A total of Rs 60,000 crores would be waived-off under such scheme. The settlement of these loan-waivers will be offered through special type of scheme. Further, the Public Sector Banks and Regional Rural Banks of India were also suggested, to bring within their fold, a minimum of 250 rural household accounts at every branch every year. The Indira Awas Yojana was brought under the ambit of Public Sector Banks. Loan limit up to Rs 20,000 per unit at 4% interest was fixed under differential rate of interest (DRI) scheme. The Finance Minister also advised the Indian PSU Banks to open 288 branches in minority districts of India. Further, he also asked the Indian banking industry to embrace total financial inclusion. In another landmark decision, the Finance Minister, Mr. P. Chidambaram said that the Ex-banking servicemen in India would be offered employment opportunities in the banking sector. Another major announcement was that, the much talked-about Banking Cash Transaction Tax (BCTT) would be withdrawn from the financial year 2009-2010. Experts believe the impact of the decisions and policies taken during the Union Budget of India 2008-2009 on the Indian Banking sector would be mixed. It is expected that the Indian PSU banks will face pressure on their net interest margins due to the waiving-off of agricultural loans. Further, the cumulative cost that will be incurred for opening up of new Regional Rural Banks in India may substantially increase the operating cost for the banks. The inclusion of the Indira Awas Yojana houses under the differential rate of interest scheme and at 4% interest will increase the proportion of sub-PLR lending for the concerned banks. The major Public Sector Banks of India like the State Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Punjab National Bank may see their net interest margins shrinking till the subsidy for waiver of agricultural loans is being completely released. Moreover, experts are skeptical about the long term benefit of such agricultural loan waiver as offered through the Union Budget of India 2008-2009. The Development Credit Bank, a private sector lender has launched its credit card business called DCB Advantage Card on 4th March 2008. The Bank has tied up with ICICI Bank in order to extract the best skills out of it as well as to utilize its experience for a successful execution of the task. The credit card business launched by the Development Credit Bank is available to all its potential customers all across India. The credit card holders of DCB will enjoy a wide

Essay --

No Jail Time for Big Bankers In the article â€Å"Why DOJ Deemed Bank Execs Too Big to Jail,† author Ted Kaufman reports how banking executives never serve jail time for their part in financial fraud. There are three main reasons that executives are not prosecuted: the American government is showing little effort in bringing the big corporation executives to justice, if the banks and executives are prosecuted, thousands of innocent people could be out of jobs, and the health of the financial industry may crumble. Mr. Kaufman wants his readers to understand that although the citizen’s deserve for these financial executives deserve to go to jail, over that past few years, it has been shown that not only that it hasn’t happened; it probably will not happen in the future either. Is it right that they can dodge going to prison for their greed and illegal activities, but a man who steals food from the grocery store to feed his hungry family serves years in prison? The answer is no, because some o f these banking executives have robbed the American people of their life savings and have put America’s banking system’s in a downward spiral with no real help by the government to help stop this and help bring the executives to justice. The American government has done very little to help in the efforts to bring these executive’s to justice. Congress didn’t oppose strengthening criminal enforcement of federal fraud laws regarding financial institutions after the 2009 financial crisis. They passed the House’s bill by a very large margin. The bill is called the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act. Even the Obama administration established a task force to oversee the investigations. Attorney General Eric Holder even said, â€Å"We will be relentless in our... ...ir jobs, their homes, and their financial stability. If the financial industry crumbles, it will be felt worldwide. When people lose their jobs, they are no longer to take out loans and make payments on the loans they already have. There is no money going into the banks. If the American financial institutions fail and the industry crumbles, stocks will plummet and businesses will close. So what’s the solution to the problem? Mr. Kaufman definitely is on to something. â€Å"Justice for All† should mean something. Why shouldn’t CEO’s be held accountable for their actions? If we continue to let them get away with it, they will continue to take their bonuses, cut corners, and not care that they are doing anything illegal, or at the very least, unethical. If we want to prevent the failing economy from happening again, we must stop these executives and hold them accountable.

Cheating and plagiarism for my religion class Essay

The movie we watched was very interesting. I felt like I could definitely relate to most of the situations they brought up. In particular, the point about how you felt the need to cheat nowadays to keep up with the cheaters. Their information was very accurate and it really gives you a look into what life is like as a student. When watching it I really felt like what they were saying was pro-cheater. The only problem with the movie was the give a lot of great reasons why there is such a high percentage of cheaters out there, but the never offered any ways to fix the problem. Then the movie switched to the problem of plagiarism. They addressed the issue and showed some of the difficulties of trying to detect it. They then went into the only way of detecting it and how to avoid detection. Afterward they showed an example of a class and how bad plagiarism has gotten. Still they never offered any way to solve the problem. I really enjoyed the movie we watched in class it was very interesting. Through out the movie I felt could relate to the students telling their experiences. For example, one girl talked about how she feels the need to cheat to keep up with all the other cheaters out there. From my experience, I have tried studying long hours for tests and then going in the next day, taking the test and then having the person next to me cheat and get a higher grade. I myself cheat because nowadays it is all about grades and getting into the best colleges and getting the highest grade point average (g.p.a.), and with out a good g.p.a., you cannot get into a good college. So to get into a good college and get a good paying job some people are willing to do what ever it takes and to keep up with them we have to do the same things. Through out the movie I got the sense that they were taking a pro-cheater standpoint. I noticed that they really didn’t show you anyone who got anywhere in life by not cheating and so I got the feeling that they wanted us to walk away with better knowledge and methodologies on how to cheat. By the end of the movie, I really felt like cheating was no longer a bad thing and in fact it had actually become almost necessary to succeed in life and everyone is doing it. They also gave only examples of people who cheat all the time and easily get away with it. Once again, they never offered any solution to the problem. Next, they talked about plagiarism. They did an experiment with a World History class and had the kids write a paper on their favorite explorer. Then the teacher took all the papers and used the one tool out there that can check for plagiarism, turnitin.com. She submitted all the papers to this website and got them back with all the plagiarized portion of each students paper underlined. When she got the papers back, more than half the papers were plagiarized and some only had a few original sentences. It just goes to show how big of a problem plagiarism is these days. Then they said that the website only detects plagiarism if eight of the words are an exact match so to avoid detection all you have to do is change every eighth word and to be on the safe side you could play around with that number. Even though the movie never offered any way of solving either problem, they still informed you of the problem. I really enjoyed the movie. I left wanting to cheat and plagiarize. In the movie, they talked about a person who would write papers for you for $25 a page. Though I don’t know anyone that would do that for me, if I did, after watching the movie, I probably would have enlisted for his help. However, I don’t know anyone who would so I guarantee that this paper is completely original.

Enzyme Structure and Functions:

ENZYME STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS: Enzymes are biological catalysts. They increase the rate of reactions by a factor of between 106 to 1012 times, allowing the chemical reactions that make life possible to take place at normal temperatures Definition of enzyme: A protein with catalytic properties due to its power of specific activation is defined as an enzyme. STRUCTURE Enzymes are proteins their function depends on its complexity. The reaction takes place in a small part of the enzyme called the active site, while the rest of the protein acts as â€Å"scaffolding†.The shape and the chemical environment inside the active site permits a chemical reaction to proceed more easily Many enzymes need cofactors (or coenzymes) to work properly. Tightly bound cofactors are called prosthetic groups Cofactors that are bound and released easily are called coenzymes These can be metal ions (such as Fe2+, Mg2+, Cu2+) or organic molecules (such as haem, biotin, FAD, NAD or coenzyme A). Many of t hese are derived from dietary vitamins, which is why they are so important. The complete active enzyme with its cofactor is called a holoenzyme, while just the protein part without its cofactor is called the apoenzyme.HW DOES AN ENZYME WORK? 1) REACTION MECHANISM 2) MOLECULAR GEOMETRY REACTION MECHANISM: In any chemical reaction, a substrate (S) is converted into a product (P) In an enzyme-catalysed reaction, the substrate first binds to the active site of the enzyme to form an enzyme-substrate (ES) complex, then the substrate is converted into product whilst attached to the enzyme, and finally the product is released, thus allowing the enzyme to start all over again An example is the action of the enzyme sucrase hydrolysing sucrose into glucose and fructose.MOLECULAR GEOMETRY The substrate molecule is complementary in shape to that of the active site. It was thought that the substrate exactly fitted into the active site of the enzyme molecule like a key fitting into a lock (the now discredited ‘lock and key’ theory). This explains enzyme specificity This explains the loss of activity when enzymes denature The Induced Fit Hypothesis  : * Some proteins can change their shape (conformation) When a substrate combines with an enzyme, it induces a change in the enzyme’s conformation * The active site is then moulded into a precise conformation * Making the chemical environment suitable for the reaction * The bonds of the substrate are stretched to make the reaction easier (lowers activation energy) ENERGY CHANGES  : Energy needed for initial reaction is known as ACTIVATION ENERGY. The larger the activation energy is, the slower the reaction will be.This is because only a few substrate molecules will have sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. Enzymes reduce the activation energy of a reaction so that the kinetic energy of most molecules exceeds the activation energy required and so they can react. Factors affecting Enzy mes substrate concentration pH temperature enzyme concentration inhibitors SUBSTARTE CONCENTRATION The rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction is also affected by substrate concentration.As the substrate concentration increases, the rate increases because more substrate molecules can collide with active sites, so more enzyme-substrate complexes form. At higher concentrations the enzyme molecules become saturated with substrate, and there are few free active sites, so adding more substrate doesn't make much difference The maximum rate at infinite substrate concentration is called vmax, and the substrate concentration that gives a rate of half vmax is called KM.These quantities are useful for characterising an enzyme. A good enzyme has a high vmax and a low KM. pH Enzymes have an optimum pH at which they work fastest. For most enzymes this is about pH 7-8 (normal body pH), but a few enzymes can work at extreme pH. The pH affects the charge of the amino acids at the active site, so the pr operties of the active site change and the substrate can no longer bind. TEMPERATURE: Enzymes have an optimum temperature at which they work fastest.For mammalian enzymes this is about 40 °C. Up to the optimum temperature the rate increases geometrically with temperature. Above the optimum temperature the rate decreases as more of the enzyme molecules denature. The thermal energy breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the secondary and tertiary structure of the enzyme together, so the enzyme loses its shape Q10 (the temperature coefficient) = the increase in reaction rate with a 10 °C rise in temperature. ENZYME CONCENTRATIONAs the enzyme concentration increases the rate of the reaction also increases, because there are more enzyme molecules (and so more active sites), available to catalyse the reaction therefore more enzyme-substrate complexes form INHIBITORS Inhibitors inhibit the activity of enzymes, reducing the rate of their reactions. 2 TYPES: Competitive and non competitive CO MPETITIVE: A competitive inhibitor molecule has a similar structure to the substrate molecule, and so it can fit into the active site of the enzyme. It therefore competes with the substrate for the active site, so the reaction is slower.Increasing the concentration of substrate restores the reaction rate and the inhibition is usually temporary and reversible. NON COMPETITIVE: A non-competitive inhibitor molecule is quite different in structure from the substrate and does not fit into the active site. It binds to another part of the enzyme molecule, changing the shape of the whole enzyme, including the active site, so that it can no longer bind substrate molecules. Non-competitive inhibitors therefore simply reduce the amount of active enzyme.